Why Your Bones Rely On Preptin

Preptin can predict many diseases along with regulate blood sugar, the skeletal system, and blood pressure.

Preptin, adropin and irisin help regulate homeostasis. R

Preptin is one of 4 major pancreatic hormones (in addition to amylin, glucagon, and insulin) important in glucose homeostasis. R

Preptin Levels

Preptin is low in:

• Behçet's Disease R
• Osteopaenia R
• Osteoporosis R
• Psoriasis R

Preptin is high in:

• After Giving Birth R
• Chronic Hepatitis C Infection R
• Obesity (with Morbid Obesity having even higher levels) R R
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome R
• Type 2 and Gestational Diabetes R R

Females have higher preptin levels than males. R

Preptin increases with body mass index. R

Preptin is secreted after feeding, especially foods high in glucose. R

So fasting or eating a diet low in carbs, high in fat should decrease preptin levels. 

1. Regulates Blood Sugar

Preptin can regulate carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. R

This is possible because preptin increases insulin secretion. R

For example, preptin is found higher in those with type 2 diabetes. R

Also, higher preptin levels creates a higher tolerance to glucose.  R

2. Improves The Skeletal System

Preptin helps improve osteoblasts function (via connective tissue growth factor or CTGF). R

Osteoblasts are cells that support and reinforce healthy bones. 

For example, local administration of preptin increased bone formation and bone area in adult male mice. R

Osteoporosis is a condition when the bones become fragile from loss of bone tissue. 

Serum preptin levels have been shown to be low in those who have osteoporosis. R

Preptin is also shown to be lower in osteopaenia patients. R

Also, a shorter fragment of preptin, preptin-(1–16), is able to stimulate bone growth, which can be useful for osteoperosis. R

3. Important In Infancy

Preptin is also found in human breast milk (and colostrum). R

Breast milk contains appropriate levels of fat, sugar, water, enzymes, cytokines, steroids, prostaglandins, amino acids, pituitary trophins, thyroid hormones, hypothalamic releasing factors, nutrients, enzymes, cytokines, steroid hormones and peptide hormones. R

This may mean that preptin helps infants grow strong bones. 

4. Involved In The Vascular System

High preptin levels can cause hypertension, or high blood pressure. R

This is because preptin lowers nitric oxide and the albumin/creatinine ratio. R

Preptin is a 37-amino acid peptide hormone and originates from proinsulin-like growth factor II (pro IGF II). R R

Preptin (along with insulin and amylin is secreted from pancreatic beta cells in response to increased glucose levels after feeding. R

It is also found in high circulating levels in obesity. R

Preptin:

• Activates MAPK R
• Activates PKC/PLC R
• Decreases Nitric Oxide R
• Increases CTGF R
• Increases Insulin R
• Increases Orexin R
• Produces IGF-II R

• Preptin mixed with IGF2 receptor (IGF2R) antibodies suppressed insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner. R